APA Style
All the information in this guide is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Please refer to the original text for complete details. A reference copy is available at the TPH library.
APA Guide Contents
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Citing within your report
IN-TEXT CITATION STYLES
In-text citations include the:
a. author’s last name, or organization/group name (if none, provide the first few words of the title in italics)
b. year of publication, or last updated date
c. If referring to text from a specific location in the document, include the page number (p. page). Use the paragraph (para. paragraph), or title of the section heading if no page number is available. [See 6.5 of the Manual]
In-text citation formats:
1. Direct citation: Author (Year) showed that “quote” (p. page).
2. Parenthetical citation: One study showed that “quote” (Author, Year, p. page).
Formatting In Text citations with Various Types of Authors
|
Types of In-Text Citations |
Direct citation |
Parenthetical format |
|
One author |
Sharma (2017) suggests that " …" (p. page #). |
It was suggested that "...."(Sharma, 2017, p. page #). |
|
Two authors |
Sharma and Gardham (2014) state that "…" (p. page #). |
Some authors state that "..." (Sharma & Gardham, 2014, p. page #). |
|
Three (+) authors |
Sharma, Gardham, and Latan (2019) explain that "…" (p. page #). |
Some researchers explain that "...." (Sharma, Gardham and Latan, 2019, p. page #). |
|
Six (+) authors |
Sharma et al. (2018) outline "…" (p. page #). |
The following outline "..." (Sharma et al., 2018, p. page #) |
|
Group authors |
Toronto Public Health (2019) reports that "…" (p. page #). |
Reports released recently highlight "....." (Toronto Public Health, 2019, p. page #). |
|
Group authors with abbreviation |
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) recommended that "…" (p. page). |
Recommendations such as "...." (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003, p. page). |
|
Figure 1. Formatting In Text citations with Various Types of Authors. Adapted from “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,” by the American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 177. Copyright 2010 by the American Psychological Association. [Follow this format for graphs, tables, & figures] |
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Note: When a source has 3 – 5 authors, cite all authors the first time it appears in-text. In subsequent in-text citations, include only the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” *See section 6.12 of the APA Manual.